Layout Selection for Service Industry

Introduction Operation management deals with all the processes and activities that are involved in the transformation of an idea to finished product (Florence, 1984, p. 45). Its also involves the systems that are used in controlling the activities used to produce goods and services. The operations management process basically entails the transformation process involving inputs, transformation processes and the outputs.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Layout Selection for Service Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Inputs in the transformation process that is made possible through operations management include capital, human resources, natural resources, materials, information and customers of goods and services. Operations managers facilitate in value addition of the inputs through the transformation process enabling the production of goods and services. After value addition, outputs are produced t hat include products and services e.g., automobiles, furniture and aircraft. One of the important points in operations management is process selection. Process selection involves making decisions how production of goods and services will be organized. When making the above decisions, managers are confronted with major implications that they have to deal with. They include capacity planning, layout facilities, equipment and work systems design. Smooth production of goods and services can only be ensured when the above have been optimally met. In this paper, focus will be given to layout selection that will be discussed in detail in subsequent sections. Another bit of operations management that is critical to its success is the process selection and system design. This is a component of the transformation process discussed above that ensures the system runs smoothly. It involves forecasting, product and service design and technological change on one hand and facilities and equipment, work design and layout on the other. The two parts are made possible through capacity planning and process selection in industrial processes. In the free market setting, manufacturing and services comprise the biggest chunk of economic activities. The layout selection talked about earlier will concentrate on the services sector. However, for purposes of understanding, it’s imperative that a somewhat detailed discussion of both sectors is carried out to distinguish how elements of the transformation process apply. Additionally, there will be a lot of comparison n between the two in the analysis of layout selection in the services sector. Manufacturing and service sectors Since the advent of the industrial revolution, manufacturing has been the backbone of most economies. It still continues to support large sections of many global economies.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More McCluskey says that though both economic operations (manufacturing and services) have a common target of satisfying client needs, they do as well have stark differences that make that are clearly highlighted in their transformation processes and that serve to dictate differentiation of capacity planning, layout facilities, equipment and work systems design (2004, p. 43). The differences include tangibility of products from operations, customization and contact with customers. According to Stevenson manufacturers produce and deal in tangible products. The products are touchable and can be handled by customers (2005, p. 56). They include electronic appliances, vehicles, aircraft and different varieties of food. Services on the other and provide intangible products that customers cannot touch. They include hotel services, banking, education, and entertainment. Another difference between manufacturing and services is the customization of the products. In manufacturing, prod ucts are normally standardized such that goods of the same kind are similar across the board. For instance, ten cans of Coca-Cola are exactly the same with not varied differentiation. Service products on the other hand are normally customized according to the customers’ taste. Service products are tailored to meet specific client requirements hence they lack uniformity that is associated with manufactured products. For instance, different people have different preferences to hairstyles hence they will demand a style that conforms to their tastes, believes and budget. There is minimal contact between manufacturers and consumers of products. It’s highly unlikely for instance; that a car owner will ever met owners of Toyota or General Motors or the people who help in assembling the cars. Customer contact in the service industry on the other hand is unavoidable. Providers and workers in the service industry meet and interact with customers every day. According to Shogun M adeheim, part of the satisfaction that the customers derive from the service is partly due to the face to face meeting that takes place between them and providers. It’s important to note that buying and consumption of services takes place simultaneously (1986, p. 108). Service sector In recent years, industrialized economies have experienced a drop in manufacturing activities. Instead, the service sector has exponentially grown and overtaken manufacturing as the biggest economic sector. Currently, the service sector is the biggest employer accounting for over 90% of jobs created.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Layout Selection for Service Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Manufacturing comes in with only 12%. The analysis of service layout will entails through understanding of the context of service industry as used in contemporary economies. The word therefore carries as many meanings a s within the service economy. According to Verma Gurpal (2002, p.29), assert that any package must include benefits that are both explicit and implicit. For instance when one seeks a haircut, it amounts to supporting the facility (barber shop). The customer may pay for â€Å"Mohawk† hair cut which is the facilitating good that the barber will perform which is the service. Verma Gurpal therefore concludes that services are the perceptions and expectations that employers, customers and stakeholders have set up in their minds. The equipment layout and the procedures through which this service is dispensed in this setting is the service system. It’s also used in quality and standard maintainace (2002, p. 30). In service sector, transformation involves rendering service to customers through the use of inputs available to the providers to outputs that technically are satisfied consumers. This is achieved through the correct use of resources. The resources may include and n ot limited to materials, labour and the consumer. Satisfaction in the form of psychological fulfillment and as well as time is the utility that customers derive from services. For instance, the utility derived from eating at a fast food restaurant is time while on the other hand a young man taking a lady for a date at an elegant restaurant gives him/her psychological boost. Spacious shopping places like Wal-Mart attract millions of clients because the clients access many services under one roof. Managing operations in the services sector like in, manufacturing entails a lot of planning. The operations planning process of the services sector is however different from what manufacturing is. Operations planning Decisions made in operations planning in the service sector are more or less that in manufacturing. Starting or expanding business operations in the services sector requires managers to provide answers to the following questions. What types of services should they offer, and goo ds if necessary? They need to answer how they are going to provide the process, the location where the business is going to be operating from. The location question also includes the way the facilities of the business will look like. Finally managers need to answer how they are going to forecast and meet demand for the services they are offering. When answering the above questions, operations managers in the services sector effectively develop a plan that defines the operations process, facilities, site selection, capacity planning and size and layout (Metters et al, 2006, p. 27). Layout selection Layout can be described as the division, structuring and configuration of the various departments and work centres that specifically aims at streamlining the movement of work through the production system. Equipment too is grouped under work centers and the movement of work included the customers and materials used in the transformation process.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Stevenson (2005, p. 59) says that layout is concerned with the arrangement of the people and machinery to ensure efficiency of the production process. Layout therefore can be described as the physical planning that is involved in the designing of the transformation process through which the product or service will be produced in the required output, quantity as well as quality. For many operations managers in the services sector, layout and flow issues are the most important as far as general area design in the business environment is concerned. The importance stems from the fact that positioning of facilities relative to each other has a ripple effect on many operations aspects. The aspects that are as direct result of the effect of facility positioning are the distance that materials, information and customers have to travel during the operations chain. In a general sense many business layout s including the services sector adopt designs that minimize the distance covered by the a bove factors. Additionally, the layouts selected by managers in the service sector directly affect the quality of the services rendered. Many points of in the chain of operation where information and materials have to pass is likely to result in the annoyance or damage. Another important point that, managers have to consider when selecting layout for the service industry is its effect on throughput time. Generally long distances in the operations chain will result into longer times materials and information will pass through the operation. Finally, managers must consider the space that materials, information and customers have to cover in the operations process. In any business environment, space is costly. The importance of every square meters cannot be overstated. All financial aspects must be considered when selecting layout and the location of the business. It’s therefore important if the operations managers try to save on costs by seeking compact layouts that are commens urate to the services sector. Considering the above perspectives, McCluskey (2004, p. 49) says that layout and site selection in the service industry is a macro decision. It cannot be compared to site selection that is a micro decision. Layout and location in service industry is dependent on variables that include expansion, environmental impact and regulation from the government. More importantly however for service industry operators are variables such as accessibility, visibility, traffic density completion and availability of parking spaces. It’s important to note that the terminology that is used in describing layout selection requirements for service providers is that same as that is used in manufacturing but with slightly different meanings depending on the operations sectors that is being described. Both services and manufacturing settings exhibit fixed position layouts, process layouts, cell layouts and product layouts which in this case may also be referred to as se rvice layouts. These layout types will be discussed in detail in the context of services sector operations. Fixed position layout As the name suggests, resources used to produce services in the service sector travel to the customer or to the product instead of vice versa (Stevenson, 2005, p. 65). In other words the consumers in the operations process hypothetically remain fixated in one position while materials and labour are availed in the customers’ location, throughout the service. It therefore means that if the consumer of the service needs to stay in one place, the providers have no choice but to relocate to the consumers’ location. Fixed layout is common in service industries such as pool cleaning, landscaping and in consulting for decors. Fixed layout is also evident in movie production. It’s important to note that in the examples provided above the resources are concentrated in a fixed position. The simple reason behind this is the costs involved in movi ng the equipment and personnel to the client location is easier than moving the customer the resources location. However there are exceptions here the nature of the equipment used defines the fixed position such as barber shops, salons and hospitals that offer dialysis services. The above factors come in handy when operations managers are deciding on the layout selection for services offered in the industry. The fixed position comes out as the simplest among the four mentioned earlier. There may be a bit of investment that is required to establish the layout but the operation costs are relatively lower compared to the other layouts. Process layout This layout is also referred to as the functional layout (Verma Gurpal, 2002, p. 78). This is because the resources used in the transformation process are most of the time grouped together according to the function they are performing. Goods of similar functions are therefore grouped together. In this layout, services that need different requirements move in different ways between the clusters of the resources used for transformation. The above feature accords process layout flexibility in that it can easily adopt different processing requirements. The process layout is presents complexity in managing it given that there are flows that are crossing each other that may sometimes exhibit irregular patterns. The process applies in the services sector through the grouping together similar machines in the production of groups of services (McCluskey, 2004, p. 55). For instance service providers in a salon may group similar hair driers that offer the same service. Other service sector examples that exhibit the process layout include university lecture theaters and movie theatres. Grouping of the resources that are used in the transformation process is critical in the service industry and in the selection of this particular layout. Groping or clustering makes it easier for service providers who in the above cases are univer sities and salon owners to provide the service to many clients at the same time. Like all other layouts, process layout has many advantages that a service provider may want to consider in the selection process. The layout is well versed to handle many processing requirements simultaneously. This will especially come in handy in the service industry where time is of the essence. Another advantage that the service industry can take advantage of in the process layout is the fact that it is not prone to equipment failures. Furthermore, the equipment used in this particular layout is not costly. These characteristics make it attractive especially in the cost saving measures that every service operators is always looking forward to. Finally, the process layout presents to service providers the platform to implement individual incentive plans. These are particularly important in boosting employee morale so that they can dispense high quality service to the operator’s consumers. Cell layout Users of this layout system in the service industry aims at reducing the complexities that are associated with process layouts. Transformation resources are divided into many small manageable groups that are used in any action in products or groups of products. According to (Florence, 1984, p. 45), cellular production entails the arrangement of machines into a cell that makes it easier for the processing of services that have identical requirements. For instance all driers in a salon may be grouped together for a salon to offer only drier services. Group technology is a term that is commonly used in cellular layout designs. Equipment and/or transformation resources that have similar characteristics are grouped together in this layout design. Product layout According to Shubin Madeheim (1986, p. 81) the convenience of service flow is the most important consideration that service providers take into account. The product layout emphasizes standardized processing operations tha t are aimed at producing smooth hitch free services rapidly and in high volumes. The specific processing requirements of a service dictate the location of the facilities that are used in its production. Shubin Madeheim (1986, p. 81) adds that the traditional assembly line presents the most basic idea of what product layouts should look like. According to Stevenson (2005, p. 68), the classic assembly layouts is the most common I many service industries for instance in back office settings for instance banks. In the service industry according to (McCluskey, 2004, p. 75) the striking feature is the sequential arrangement of the equipment used in customer service. The machines are arranged in a sequence that depending on the service process that is sold. In service layouts in the service industry, there may be interruptions unlike in manufacturing. Services rendered during university registrations are atypical example of product layout. It’s safe to assume that product layout is the most important in the service industry. Given that the products or the services that are dispensed in the service industry are don’t need to go through production chain similar to that in manufacturing, its therefore important that service industry operators give impetus to this layout. Production layout has numerous advantages that service operators may want to take into consideration during the production process. They include a high rate of output that is as a result of the convenience that the layout emphasizes. In product layouts, the units’ cost is low compared to the other layouts. Additionally, labor specialization is high in the production layout. Labor specialization helps in high quality service provision hence achievement of maximum utility on the part of the consumers. Due to the arrangement of the transformation resources in product layout in the service industry, there is high utilization of labor and equipment and low material handling cost. Additi onally, there is consistent routine and scheduling in the layout that is critical in service industry operations. Importance of layout selection decisions in the service industry Decision making in the selection of service industry layouts is the most important point in the whole process. Stevenson (2005, p. 70) says that smart choices in layout decision making is important in that it helps in curbing inefficiencies in operations that for instance may result in high costs and bottle necks. Layout decisions are also critical in the safety management of the service industry. Good choices inn layout decisions will minimize the occurrence of accidents and other safety hazards within the work environment. Decisions should also make sure the layout chosen meets environmental and other legal requirements as may be required by the territories where the firm(s) is operating. Another very important aspect that any layout decision should make involves the ease with which changes in methods of production and equipment can be easily carried out. This will enable redesign of the layout plan as need be by the operators. The changes may be necessitated by fluctuations in demand and changes to the economic environment as well as government regulations. When making layout decisions in the service sectors, it’s important that all the factors and the layout systems discussed in the above sections be taken into account (Shubin Madeheim, 1986, p. 85). This is because layout selection in the service industry needs huge investments in terms of money, time and effort. The service sector like manufacturing requires substantial capital and labor intensive investments. Whether financing is done through private equity or loan agreements with financial institutions, both parties, interest are too important to ignore. Considering the primary business aim is to minimize costs and make more profits any investments that are done in layout selection in the industry must be smart to avoi d unnecessary changes that re likely to add to the business’s expenditure. Closely related to the investment is the long term commitment that is needed in selecting these layouts. There is a lot of volatility that is associated with the service sector. Though research and analysis needs to be done before one settles on a layout for business in the service industry. The urge to change the layout is likely to drive investors with no long term commitments into changing business layouts that will result in huge losses that may not be recovered in the long term. Compounded with the volatility, the business may likely go under. Many business experts agree that layout selection is important especially considering its impacts on the short-term operations in terms of cost and efficiency (Stevenson, 2005, p. 68). Short term operations will more often than not determine the long term position of business. The service industry is not different. If layout selection is not properly done, t he cost and efficiency on the transformation process will weigh down on the business whose ripple effect will be felt in the long term. The most likely impact of the above will be slow business or losses. Service Sector Layout selections: points to note The paper has highlighted different phenomena that are critical in operations management and that help in layout selection in the service industry. Layout selection in the service industry is different from manufacturing through there are few similarities. It’s important that for service providers to bear in mind that the primary functions of the service industries like all other industries is customer satisfaction. Therefore any layout selection that they may make must ne commensurate with customers needs and must always guided by principles that are important in the service industry. When selecting layouts for the industry, one of the most important factors for serviced providers to remember is that the industry more often t han not deals in intangible products. The products are customized according to customer preferences so as to achieve his/her needs. It should also to take into account the fact that the services produced in the service sectors are produced and consumed at the same time hence the layout should reflect that. Additionally, it’s important for service providers to bear in mind that any layout selection they make must uphold operational efficiency (Metters et al, 2006, p.23). On many accounts service sectors operations managers are hoping to make decisions just like operations managers in the manufacturing sector. Therefore it’s important if they can spend some time learning from their manufacturing counterparts on which services they will offer, how to provide the services, the demand for the services and most importantly the location of the services that will encompass the facilities and site. Layout selection therefore does not have to be implicitly centered on service in dustry requirements. Perhaps an interesting point to note in layout selection by service industry professionals is the fact that like manufacturers, they too can produce services by adopting the make to order approach where the providers will be availing services in exactly according to individual preferences or according to make to stock approaches where the serviced providers will be availing services for inventory. For instance a fast food restaurant may produce fries that are made according to a generally accepted a standard. On the other hand they fast food restaurant can make fries according to an individual preference. Alternatively, hotel can avail a standard room service as well as custom room service. Estimating capacity for a service business layout is somewhat more complicated than it is in manufacturing. This is because most of the services available in the economy are delivered on a need basis. Therefore estimating capacity for start up or expansion layout can prove to be a little tricky especially for inexperienced service providers or in cases where the plans were rushed without proper research. Operations managers in service industries should bear in mind that contact with customers is inevitable. Given that different customers have different tastes that have to be met, it’s possible to deal with irate customers whose special demand may subject managers to considerable pressure. The layout of the business should therefore provide for a mechanism through which quality is maximized and problem solving is dealt with in different levels. That way, managers are will be reprieved and will have ample time in concentrating in business management. Personalized service is one of the most proffered marketing tools in the service industry. Scheduling workers therefore is needed to ensure personalized service is available to customers round the clock. Unlike in manufacturing, scheduling in the service industry is about difficult and complicated. Sch eduling the service sectors is done to ensure there are enough personnel to handle fluctuating demand from customers. One of the ways that this problem is handled is through layout selection and design. The layout should ensure it corresponds to the needs of both workers and customers in such a way that scheduling will be easy and personalized service is achieved. Conclusion Layout selection is one of the most important decisions any service operator can make. The long-term impacts the decision carries with it cannot be overstated. The layout should ensure that optimum relationship exists among the transformation variables which will lead to provision of quality services. Additionally, it’s important that service producers realize the delicate nature of the service industry and the vulnerability that economic shocks present to it. This can be clearly demonstrated through the 2007 financial crisis where the services sector was worst hit. Again given the increasingly conscious and educated consumer, the layouts that service operators adopt should ensure they provide for the needed flexibility that will allow modification from time to time to suit demand, preferences and developments in the industry. References Florence. P. S. (1984). Investment, Location and Size of plant. London: Cambridge University Press. McCluskey, M. (2004). How Mature is Your Service Operation? Supply Chain Management Review 8, no. 5 (2004): 17–20. Metters, R. et al. (2006). Successful Service Operations Management. Mason: Thomson South-Western Shubin J. A. Madeheim, H. (1986). Plant Layout, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. Stevenson, J.W. (2005). Operations Management. New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. Verma, J.C., Gurpal S. (2002). Small Business and Industry – A handbook for  Entrepreneurs. 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Create a Sample Essay ExperienceA sample essay experience is one that can be used to put you on the right track in writing a paper. In some ways it's similar to working with a professor or a guidance counselor. You can get the most out of your study hours if you spend time reviewing the same essay several times before you even submit it for a class.The last thing you want to do is get stuck on the essay you're working on and never finish it. That happens too often in college and in grad school. Taking the time to write a sample essay experience can help you avoid this pitfall.What makes it different from your main idea is the manner in which you present it. It is your goal to turn an essay into a more creative and interesting way to write. By taking the time to compose a sample essay, you will be able to identify what you did right and what you need to change for next time.This type of essay will include you writing a brief introduction to the essay itself. If you have a lesson plan ready to go, simply write a paragraph about your lesson. If not, you can add a little of your own flair to it. You can even choose to include material from another source.Focus on the main topic of the essay. That will give you a starting point to work from. Take the time to write out a few examples of the style you want to use and incorporate that into your introduction. These can help set the tone of the whole essay.Next, focus on the main idea of the essay. Write your own introduction paragraph as well as an ending one. It's important to make sure these are easy to read and organized. After you're done with those, write down a few of your main points so you have a better idea of how you want to structure the rest of the essay.From here, you can take your time re-writing sections of the essay that don't quite fit into your main ideas. As you go, keep a written log of your thoughts to guide you through each stage of the project. After all, these are your own words. You should be ab le to rev up and edit them whenever you want to.Once you're finished, just make sure to check it against the log so you can see what needs changing and adding, and when you've edited it to perfection. Do the same for your final draft. Your essay needs to be able to stand on its own two feet. So, take your time and review your whole project a few times.

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Bay Of Pigs The Failed Invasion Essay

Bay Of Pigs: The Failed Invasion Essay, Research Paper Bay of Pigs: The Failed Invasion The narrative of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs is one of misdirection, certitude, and deficiency of security. The incrimination for the failure of the operation falls straight in the lap of the Central Intelligence Agency and a immature president along with his advisers. The autumn out from the invasion caused a rise in tenseness between the two great world powers and ironically, 38 old ages after the event, the individual whom the invasion was meant to tumble, Fidel Castro is still in power. To understand the beginnings of the invasion and its branchings for the hereafter, it is first necessary to look at the invasion and its beginnings. The Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961, started a few yearss before the bombardment of Cuba on April fifteenth by what appeared to be deserting Cuban air force pilots. At 6 a.m. on that Saturday, B-26 bombers bombed three Cuban military bases. The landing fields at Camp Libertad, San Antonio de Los Banos and Antonio Maceo airdrome at Santiago de Cuba were fired upon. Seven people were killed at Libertad and 47 people were killed at other sites on the island. Two of the B-26s left Cuba and flew to Miami, seemingly to desert to the United States. The Cuban Revolutionary Council, the authorities in expatriate, in New York City released a statement stating, ? The bombardments in Cuba were carried out by? Cubans inside Cuba? who were? in contact with? the top bid of the Revolutionary Council. ? The New York Times newsman covering the narrative alluded to something being incorrect with the whole state of affairs. He wondered how the council knew the pilots were coming if the pilots had merely decided to go forth Cuba on Thursday after a suspected treachery by a fellow pilot had precipitated a secret plan to strike. Whatever the instance, the planes came down in Miami subsequently that forenoon. One landed at Key West Naval Air Station at 7:00 a.m. and the other at Miami International Airport at 8:20 a.m. Both planes were severely damaged and their fuel armored combat vehicles were about empty. On the front page of The New York Times the following twenty-four hours, a image of a B-26 was shown along with a image of one of the pilots have oning a baseball chapeau and concealing behind dark dark glassess. His name was withheld. Even at this early phase, a sense of confederacy had begun to unknot the events of that hebdomad. In the early hours of April seventeenth, the assault on the Bay of Pigs began in a cloak and sticker manner. The assault began at 2 a.m. with a squad of? divers? traveling ashore with orders to put up set downing visible radiations. Those visible radiations indicated to the chief assault force the precise location of their aims, every bit good as to unclutter the country of anything that may hinder the chief landing squads when they arrived at 2:30 a.m. At 3:00 ante meridiem, two battalions came ashore at Playa Gir? N and one battalion at Playa Larga beaches. The military personnels at Playa Gir? N had orders to travel west, north-west, up the seashore and meet with the military personnels at Playa Larga in the center of the bay. A little group of work forces were so to be sent North to the town of Jaguey Grande to procure it every bit good. When looking at a modern map of Cuba it is obvious that military personnels would hold jobs in the country that was chosen for them to set down. The country around the Bay of Pigs is a boggy fen land country which would be hard on the military personnels. The Cuban forces were speedy to respond and Castro ordered his T-33 trainer jets, along with two Sea Furies, and two B-26s into the air to halt the invading forces. Off the seashore were the bid and control ship and another vas transporting supplies for the invading forces. The Cuban air force made speedy work of the supply ships, droping the bid vas, Marsopa, and the supply ship, Houston, blaring them to pieces with five-inch projectiles. Lost with the Houston was the 5th battalion every bit good as the supplies for the landing squads and eight other smaller vass. With some of the invading forces? ships destroyed, and no bid and control ship, the logistics of the operation shortly broke down as the other supply ships were kept at bay by Casto? s air force. As with many failed military escapades, one of the jobs with this 1 was with providing the military personnels. In th e air, Castro had easy won high quality over the incursive force. His fast traveling T-33s, although unimpressive by today? s criterions, made short work of the slow traveling B-26s of the occupying force. On Tuesday, two were shot out of the sky and by Wednesday, the encroachers had lost 10 of their 12 aircraft. With air power steadfastly in control of Castro? s forces, the terminal was near for the incursive ground forces. During the seventy-two-hour invasion, the Cubans pounded the occupying force of about 1500 work forces. The encroachers? arms were no lucifer for Castro? s 122mm Howitzers, 22mm cannons, and armored combat vehicle fire. By Wednesday the encroachers were pushed back to their landing zone at Playa Gir? N. Surrounded by Castro? s forces, some surrendered while others fled into the hills. One hundred 14 work forces were killed in the slaughter while 36 died as captives in Cuban cells. Others were to populate out twenty old ages or more in those cells for plotting to tumble the authorities of Castro. The work forces of the occupying force neer had a opportunity for success from about the first yearss in the planning phase of the operation. Operation Pluto, as it came to be known, has its beginnings in the last yearss of the Eisenhower Administration and the cloudy clip period during the passage of power to the freshly elected president, John F. Kennedy. In late 1958, Castro was still contending a guerilla war against the corrupt government of Fulgencio Batista. Before he came to power, there was an incident between his military personnels and some vacationing American military personnels from the nearby American naval base at Guantanamo Bay. During the incident, some US Marines were held confined by Casto? s forces but were subsequently released after a ransom was in secret paid. This episode soured dealingss between Castro and the United States. The head of U.S. Naval Operations, Admiral Burke, suggested sending in the Marines to destruct Castro? s forces, but Secretary of State Foster Dulles disagreed. Originally Castro was non a Communist ; he even had meetings with Vice President Richard Nixon. Fearful of Castro? s revolution, people with money, including physicians, attorneies, and the Mafia, left Cuba for the United States. To forestall the loss of more capital Castro? s solution was to nationalise some of the concerns in Cuba. In the procedure of nationalising some concern? he came into struggle with American involvements. Legitimate U.S. concerns were taken over, and the procedure of socialisation begun with small if any talk of compensation. Following rumours of Cuban engagement in be aftering to occupy Panama, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic, the US Government refused Castro any economic assistance. After being rejected by the Americans, he met with Russia? s foreign curate Anasta Mikoyan to procure a $ 100 million loan from the Soviet Union. It was in this ambiance that American Intelligence and Foreign Relations communities decided that Castro was tilting towards co mmunism and had to be dealt with. In the spring of 1960, President Eisenhower approved a program to direct little groups of trained Americans, Cuban exiles, to work in the resistance as guerillas to subvert Castro. By the autumn, the program was changed to a full invasion with air support by expatriate Cubans in American supplied planes. The original group was to be trained in Panama, but with the growing of the operation and the accelerating gait of events in Cuba, it was decided to travel things to a base in Guatemala. The program was going rushed and this would get down to demo. The adult male in charge of the operation, CIA Deputy Director Bissell said, ? There didn? T seem to be clip to maintain to the original program and have a big group trained by this initial cell of immature Cubans. So the larger group was formed and established at La Finca, in Guatemala, and at that place the preparation was conducted wholly by Americans. ? By now it was autumn and President John F. Kennedy had replaced President Eisenhower. President Kennedy could hold stopped the invasion if he wanted to, but he likely did non make so for several grounds. First, he had campaigned for some signifier of action against Cuba and it was besides the tallness of the cold war. To endorse out now would intend holding groups of Cuban expatriates going around the Earth claiming the Americans had backed down on the Cuban issue. In competition with the Soviet Union, endorsing out would do the Americans appear as chickens on the international scene. On the domestic place forepart, the new president would be seen as endorsing off from one of his run promises. The failure at the CIA led to Kennedy doing hapless determinations, impacting future dealingss with Cuba and the Soviet Union. Three grounds caused failure at the CIA central office. First, the incorrect people were managing the operation ; secondly, the bureau in charge of the operation was besides the one supplying all the intelligence for the operation ; and thirdly, the operation had security jobs. In charge of the operation was the Director of Central Intelligence, Allan Dulles and chief duty for the operation was left to one of his deputies, Richard Bissell. In an intelligence community geared chiefly for European operations against the USSR, both work forces lacked experience in Latin American personal businesss. Those in charge of Operation Pluto based this new operation on the success of the Guatemalan escapade, but the state of affairs in Cuba was much different than that in Guatemala. In Guatemala, the state of affairs was still helter-skelter and John Arbenz neer had the same control over the state like Castro had on Cuba. The CIA had the United States Ambassador, John Puerifoy, working on the interior of Guatemala organizing the attempt. In Cuba, they had none of this while the Soviet block was providing Castro. Furthermore, after the overthrow of the authorities in Guatemala, Castro was cognizant that this may go on to him every bit good and likely had his guard up waiting for anything that my indicate an invasion was at hand. The 2nd job was the nature of the bureaucratism itself. The CIA was a new child on the block, and experiencing it had to turn out itself, saw its chance in Cuba. Obsessed with secretiveness, it kept the figure of people involved to a lower limit. The intelligence wing of CIA was kept out of it, although their Board of National Estimates could hold provided information on the state of affairs in Cuba and the opportunities for an rebellion against Castro one time the invasion started. Besides kept out of the cringle were the State Department and the Joint Chiefs of Staff who could hold provided aid on the military side of the escapade. In the terminal, the CIA kept all the information for itself and passed on to the president O nly what it thought he should see. Lucien S. Vandenbroucke, in Political Science Quarterly of 1984, based his analysis of the Bay of Pigs failure on organisational behaviour theory. He says, ? The CIA supplied President Kennedy and his advisors with chosen studies on the undependability of Castro? s forces and the extent of Cuban dissent. ? Of the CIA? s behaviour he concludes, ? By fall backing to the typical organisation scheme of specifying the options and supplying the information required to measure them, the CIA therefore structured the job in a manner that maximized the likeliness the president would take the bureau? s preferred option. ? The CIA made certain the deck was stacked in their favour when the clip came to make up ones mind whether a undertaking they sponsored was sound or non. President Kennedy? s Secretary of State at the clip was Dean Rusk. In his autobiography he stated, ? The CIA told us all kinds of things about the state of affairs in Cuba and what would go on one time the brigade got ashore. President Kennedy received information that merely was non right. For illustration, he was told the elements of the Cuban armed forces would desert and fall in the brigade. Besides there would be popular rebellions throughout Cuba when the brigade hit the beach, and if the expatriate force got into problem, its members would merely run into the countryside and go guerillas, merely as Castro had done. ? As for senior White House Plutos, most of them disagreed with the program every bit good, but Rusk said, ? Kennedy went with what the CIA had to say. ? As for himself, he said, ? He did non function President Kennedy really good, ? and he should hold voiced his resistance louder. He concluded, ? I should hold made my resistance clear in the meetings themselves bec ause he ( Kennedy ) was under force per unit area from those who wanted to proceed. ? When the president was faced with colored information from quiet advisers and the CIA, there was no inquiry why the president decided to travel in front with the operation. For an organisation that deals with security issues, the CIA? s deficiency of security in the Bay of Pigs operation is dry. Security began to interrupt down before the invasion when The New York Times reporter Tad Szulc? . . . learned of Operation Pluto from Cuban friends. . . ? earlier that twelvemonth while in Costa Rica covering an Organization of American States meeting. Another dislocation in security was at the preparation base in Florida. Local occupants near Homestead Air Force Base had seen Cubans boring and heard their speaker units at a farm. As a gag, some bangers were thrown into the compound. The resulting incident saw the Cubans firing their guns and the federal governments holding to convert the local governments non to press charges. Operation Pluto was get downing to be blown broad unfastened, the advantage of surprise was lost even this early in the game. After the initial bombardment foray of April fifteenth, and the landing of the B-26s in Florida, images of the planes were taken and published in newspapers. In the exposure of one of the planes, the olfactory organ of it is opaque whereas the theoretical account of the B-26 the Cubans truly used had a Plexiglas olfactory organ. The CIA had taken the planes to mask the B-26 with? FAR? markers ( Cuban Air Force ) . The bureau overlooked a important item that was spotted instantly by professional perceivers. Castro? s people merely had to read the newspapers to larn something was traveling to go on. The planes that bombed them were non their ain but American. In The New York Times on the twenty-first of April, stories about the beginnings of the operation in the Eisenhower disposal appeared with headlines, ? CIA Had a Role in Exiles? Plan s, ? uncovering the CIA? s engagement. By the twenty-second, the narrative is broad unfastened with headlines in The New York Times saying, ? CIA is accused by Bitter Rebels? and on the 2nd page of that twenty-four hours? s issue is a full article on the inside informations of the operation from its beginnings. The decision one can pull from the articles in The New York Times is, if newsmans knew the whole narrative by the twenty-second, it can be expected that Castro? s intelligence service along with the Soviet Union knew about the planned invasion every bit good. Tad Szulc? s study in the April 22nd edition of The New York Times says it all, . . . ? As has been an unfastened secret in Florida and Central America for months, the CIA planned, coordinated and directed the operations that ended in licking on a beachhead in southern Cuba Wednesday. ? It is clear now ; portion of the failure of the operation was caused by a deficiency of security and attending to detail on the portion of the Central Intelligence Agency, and misinformation given to the president. On the international scene, the Bay of Pigs invasion lead straight to increased tensenesss between the United States and the Soviet Union. During the invasion, messages were exchanged between Kennedy and Khrushchev sing the events in C uba. Khrushchev accused the Americans of being involved in the invasion. Stating in one of his messages, ? That a alleged? little war? can bring forth a concatenation reaction in all parts of the universe. We shall render the Cuban people and their Government all necessary aid in crushing back the armed onslaught on Cuba. ? Kennedy replied, giving American positions on democracy and the containment of communism. He besides warned against Soviet engagement in Cuba, stating to Khrushchev, ? In the event of any military intercession by outside force we will instantly honour our duties under the inter-American system to protect this hemisphere against external aggression. ? However, this crisis passed, but it set the phase for the following major crisis over Soviet atomic missiles in Cuba and likely led to the Soviets increasing their military support for Castro. In the disposal itself, the Bay of Pigs crisis led to a few alterations. First, person had to take the incrimination for the matter and, as Director of Central Intelligence, Allen Dulles was forced to vacate and left CIA in November of 1961. Internally, the CIA was neer the same, and although it continued with covert operations against Castro, it was on a much-reduced graduated table. Harmonizing to a study of the Select Senate Committee on Intelligence, ? Future operations were to nurture a spirit of opposition and alienation which could take to important desertions and other byproducts of unrest. ? The CIA besides now came under the supervising of the president? s brother Bobby, the Attorney General. Harmonizing to Lucien S. Vandenbroucke, the result of the Bay of Pigs failure besides made th e White House suspicious of an operation that everyone agreed to, made them less loath to oppugn the experts, and made them play? annoy? s advocators? when oppugning them. In the terminal, the lessons learned from the Bay of Pigs failure may hold contributed to the successful handling of the Cuban missile crisis that followed. The long-run branchings of the Bay of Pigs invasion are a small harder to measure. The ultimate indicant of the invasion failure is that 38 old ages subsequently Castro is still in power. This non merely indicates the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, but American policy towards Cuba in general. The American policy instead than sabotaging Castro? s support, has likely contributed to it. As with many wars, even a cold one, the leader is able to beat up his people around him against an attacker. No longer having aid from the Soviet Union, things were get downing to alter. He has opened the Cuban economic system for some investing, chiefly in telecommunication s, oil geographic expedition, and joint ventures. In an effort to remain in power, he is seeking to accommodate his state to the new world of the universe. Rather than stamp downing the educated elite, he is giving them a topographic point in steering Cuba. The inquiry is, will they finally want more power and a right to command Cuba? s destiny without Castro? s counsel and support? If the prostration of past governments is any indicant, they will finally desire more power. When Castro came to power in 1959, his major American oppositions, as with Guatemala, were the concern involvements who were losing out as a consequence of his constabularies. The major force per unit area for the Americans to make something came, non merely from the Cuban expatriates in Florida, but from those concerns. Today, the tabular arraies are turned and concerns are losing out because of the American trade stoppage against Cuba. It is estimated that if the trade stoppage were lifted, $ 1 billion of concern would be generated for US companies the first twelvemonth. As of now, 100 houses have talked to Cuba about making concern at that place after the trade stoppage is lifted. Will American policy alteration toward Cuba because of force per unit area from concern involvements and turning jobs with refugees from Cuba? Given the grounds why the United States got involved in Latin American political relations in the first topographic point, it is really likely their place will al ter if they can happen a face salvaging manner to make so. American policy at this clip though is still stuck in the cold war. The president of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Jesse Helms said, ? Whether Castro leaves Cuba in a perpendicular or horizontal place is up to him and the Cuban people. But he must and will go forth Cuba. ? Misinformation and misdirection caused the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. The effects were the? egg in the face? for the Americans and an addition in tenseness between the world powers at the tallness of the cold war. We will merely hold to wait and see if the Americans have truly learned their lesson and will non lose another chance to put things right in Cuba. ? This image was taken of President Kennedy walking with three Cuban Exiles in 1961. Fedarko, Kevin. ? Bereft of Patrons: Desperate to Rescue his Economy, Fidel Turns to an Unusual Solution: Capitalism. ? Time Magazine, hebdomad of February 20th, 1995. Internet, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.timeinc.com, 1995. Meyer, Karl E. and Szulc, Tad. The Cuban Invasion: The Chronicle of a Disaster. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers, 1962 and 1968. Mosley, Leonard. Dulles: A Biography of Eleanor, Allen, and John Foster Dulles and their Family Network. New York: The Dail Press/James Wade, 1978. Prados, John. Presidents? Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. , 1986. Ranelagh, John. CIA: A History. London: BBC Books, 1992. Rositzke, Harry, Ph.d. The CIA? s Secret Operationss: Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action. New York: Reader? s Digest Press, 1977. Rusk, Dean and Richard. As I Saw It. New York and London: W.W. Norton and Company, 1990. The New York Times. 16 April to 22 April, 1961. New York: The New York Times, 1961. Vandenbroucke, Lucien S. ? Anatomy of a Failure: The Decision to Land at the Bay of Pigs. ? Political Science Quarterly, Volume 99, Number 3, Fall 1984.

Assesment, evaluation and feedback Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Assesment, evaluation and feedback - Essay Example The essay process can be quiet expensive on time but fulfils all the functions of assessment, on the other hand, seminar presentation is time saving and can fulfill the key functions of assessment even though they do not determine the student’s final grades. There is always the possibility that the assessments do not achieve their purpose, or the suitable method for assessment is being disregarded. Exercise 1 Assessment vs. Evaluation Assessment and evaluation are two terms that in majority cases are used interchangeably to mean the same thing, but in reality both terms do not seriously mean the same thing. Assessment is a classroom inquiry procedure to supply useful feedback in development better teaching and learning. Evaluation on the other hand, is concerned with grading and evaluating students’ degree of understanding, by using various methods and measures. The main difference is the direction of feedback; for assessment feedback is from students to instructor whil e in evaluation, the feedback is from the instructor to students. Assessment has four basic principles; Reliability, Validity, Relevance & transferability, and Criterion vs. Norm referenced assessment. These principles are usually used in various practices/classes of assessment. Assessment is grouped into six classes namely: informal and formal, formal usually involves written documents while informal is more of casual and may include portfolio assessment, rubrics and observations. External and internal, internal usually set and marked by the teachers of the school while external is set by a governing body and marked by unbiased professionals, Traditional assessment, Authentic, Standardized and finally ongoing assessment. Evaluation mainly deals with combined results for the reason of grading appraising and judging. Donald Kirkpatrick is a writer that has with several books talking about training and evaluation. One of his books published in 1959 Evaluating training Programs is bein g used widely across the world. The book’s theory was later updated into the four levels of evaluation (1998). These four essential levels in an evaluation model measure; the students’ reaction towards the training, the learning in terms of capability and knowledge acquired improvement in behavior, and finally the impact of the trainee’s performance on the business. As much as these two techniques; evaluation and assessment, possess different characteristics in the normal setting it would be hard to differentiate them. Exercise 2 There are quite a number of evaluation approaches just to mention a few; public relations, experimental research, testing programs, client centered, content analysis, policy studies, connoisseur and many others. In Aesthetics, we deal with nature and appreciation of art, beauty and taste. The best approach to conduct evaluations in this field is through connoisseur as this approach is characterized by conducting vastly developed profici ency on the subject of interest. It also works towards appraising, decisively describe and illuminate an object. Another appropriate approach in this field is the client centered because in this approach, the students are encouraged to carry their own evaluations. Assessment techniques Classroom

Science Fiction and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Science Fiction and film - Essay Example Chaos ensues, and all of these lives are turned upside down as they try to deal with and adapt to the situation. Similarly, a cold war depicts a political hostility between various countries that are characterized by threats and open warfare. These two separate examples share very common characteristics with each other; thus, War of the Worlds acts as an allegory of a cold war (Geiger, 607). The hostile aliens of War of the Worlds can be seen as the political figures and military from various countries that would be the onset of a cold war as well as the ones that would be deployed to other countries to fight and initiate a reign of terror. The aliens from the movie came to Earth and, without reason or forewarning, began a hostile attack on the human beings. In a cold war setting, the aforementioned political figures and military would be sent out in a similar fashion. While the various countries may have some forewarning to hostilities from other countries, there is still the possibility that a bomb or other weapon of mass destruction could be sent over to the other country without being alerted of it first. Especially during the time era of the movie, in the 1950s, the United States military, though strong and powerful, did not have the means that it has today to detect missiles before they would reach the country. The aliens of War of the Worlds opened fire without letting their victims know as to why they were doing so. Again, though many wars may be started due to a certain issue, in the case of a cold war a political issue, it sometimes takes the dropping of a bomb before the various countries involved become aware of a reason, or even a problem. It tends to be the icebreaker of the entire ordeal. The aliens and the humans of War of the Worlds also represent the various countries and their differences in regard to political issues.

Heap Leaching :: Gold Mining Miners Minerals Essays

Heap Leaching Heap leaching is a method used most commonly for the mining of gold. Along with heap leaching comes many environmental concerns and considerations. In order to decrease these environmental concerns, there must be regulations placed on the mining of gold. Regulations can stem from control acts, enforced by the Department of Energy and other agencies similar to this, to simple regulations dealing with the equipment companies must use in their daily excavations. The heap leaching method used to extract gold uses cyanide as part of the process. This can be â€Å"toxic to fish and wildlife† and is therefore an environmental concern with the mining of gold (Bartlett 79). Some other concerns taken into consideration when dealing with gold mining and heap leaching are â€Å"preventing bird poisoning on wet heaps and solution storage ponds [†¦as well as amounts of] wind blown dust and other air contaminants [which] can be serious† problems spreading throughout the environment (Bartlett 79). Contamination of surface and ground waters is a major concern as a side effect of heap leaching (Bartlett 79). There has been action taken in order to reduce the possibility of any of these environmental considerations taking place during and after the process of heap leaching. It is recommended that in order to regulate heap leaching of gold, companies use methods of containment along with close monitoring in order to recognize problems before they occur (Bartlett 79-80). As I stated in my second essay, the ore and solution removed from the heap leaching process is discarded onto leach pads. These pads are the â€Å"most important element[s] of the solution containment system† (Bartlett 80). The leach pads help prevent toxic solutions from running off into the surrounding areas and therefore they decrease the risk of harming any living organisms living in the area the mining is occurring in. â€Å"Proper foundation preparation is necessary to prevent movement and tearing of the liner† of the leach pad (Bartlett 80). If this were to happen then the leach pad would not be a sufficient means of protection for the environment. Another way to protect the environment is by having a solution collection system.