The History of Electric Vehicles Began in 1830

By definition, an electric vehicle, or EV, will use an electric motor for propulsion rather than a gasoline-powered motor. Besides the electric car, there are bikes, motorcycles, boats, airplanes, and trains that have all been powered by electricity. Beginnings Who invented the very first EV is uncertain, as several inventors have been given credit. In 1828, Hungarian à nyos Jedlik invented a small-scale model car powered by an electric motor that he designed. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented a crude electric-powered carriage. In 1835, another small-scale electric car was designed by Professor Stratingh of Groningen, Holland, and built by his assistant Christopher Becker. In 1835, Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from Brandon, Vermont, built a small-scale electric car. Davenport was also the inventor of the first American-built DC electric motor. Better Batteries More practical and more successful electric road vehicles were invented by both Thomas Davenport and Scotsman Robert Davidson around 1842. Both inventors were the first to use the newly-invented, non-rechargeable electric cells (or batteries). Frenchman Gaston Plante invented a better storage battery in 1865 and his fellow countrymen Camille Faure further improved the storage battery in 1881. Better-capacity storage batteries were needed for electric vehicles to become practical. American Designs In the late 1800s, France and Great Britain were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles. In 1899, a Belgian-built electric racing car called La Jamais Contente set a world record for land speed of 68 mph. It was designed by Camille Jà ©natzy. It was not until 1895 that Americans began to devote attention to electric vehicles after an electric tricycle was built by A. L. Ryker and William Morrison built a six-passenger wagon, both in 1891. Many innovations followed, and interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s. In fact, William Morrisons design, which had room for passengers, is often considered the first real and practical EV. In 1897, the first commercial EV application was established: a fleet of New York City taxis built by the Electric Carriage and Wagon Company of Philadelphia. Increased Popularity By the turn of the century, America was prosperous. Cars, now available in steam, electric, or gasoline versions, were becoming more popular. The years 1899 and 1900 were the high point of electric cars in America,  as they outsold all other types of cars. One example was the 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago, which had a range of 18 miles, a top speed of 14 mph and cost $2,000. Later in 1916, Woods invented a hybrid car that had both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. Electric vehicles had many advantages over their competitors in the early 1900s. They did not have the vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline-powered cars. Changing gears on gasoline cars was the most difficult part of driving. Electric vehicles did not require gear changes. While steam-powered cars also had no gear shifting, they suffered from long start-up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings. The steam cars had less range before needing water, compared to an electric cars range on a single charge. The only good roads of the period were in town, which meant that most commutes were local, a perfect situation for electric vehicles since their range was limited. The electric vehicle was the preferred choice of many because it did not require manual effort to start, as with the hand crank on gasoline vehicles,  and there was no wrestling with a gear shifter. While basic electric cars cost under $1,000, most early electric vehicles were ornate, massive carriages designed for the upper class. They had fancy interiors made with expensive materials and averaged $3,000 by 1910. Electric vehicles enjoyed success into the 1920s, with production peaking in 1912. Electric Cars Almost Become Extinct For the following reasons, the electric car declined in popularity. It was several decades before there was a renewed interest in these vehicles. By the 1920s, America had a better system of roads that connected cities, bringing with it the need for longer-range vehicles.The discovery of Texas crude oil reduced the price of gasoline so that it was affordable to the average consumer.The invention of the electric starter by  Charles Kettering  in 1912 eliminated the need for the hand crank.The initiation of mass production of internal combustion engine vehicles by  Henry Ford  made these vehicles widely available and affordable, in the $500 to $1,000 price range. By contrast, the price of the less efficiently-produced electric vehicles continued to rise. In 1912, an electric roadster sold for $1,750, while a gasoline car sold for $650. Electric vehicles had all but disappeared by 1935. The years following until the 1960s were dead years for electric vehicle development and for their use as personal transportation. The Return The  60s  and  70s  saw a need for  alternative-fueled  vehicles to reduce the problems of exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines and to reduce the dependency on imported foreign crude oil. Many attempts to produce practical electric vehicles occurred after 1960. Battronic Truck Company In the early 60s, the Boyertown Auto Body Works jointly formed the Battronic Truck Company with Smith Delivery Vehicles, Ltd., of England and the Exide Division of the Electric Battery Company. The first Battronic electric truck was delivered to the Potomac Edison Company in 1964. This truck was capable of speeds of 25 mph, a range of 62 miles and a payload of 2,500 pounds. Battronic worked with General Electric from 1973 to 1983 to produce 175 utility vans for use in the utility industry and to demonstrate the capabilities of battery-powered vehicles. Battronic also developed and produced about 20 passenger buses in the mid-1970s. CitiCars and Elcar Two companies were leaders in electric car production during this time. Sebring-Vanguard produced over 2,000 CitiCars. These cars had a top speed of 44 mph, a normal cruise speed of 38 mph and a range of 50 to 60 miles. The other company was Elcar Corporation, which produced the Elcar. The Elcar had a top speed of 45 mph, a range of 60 miles and cost between $4,000 and $4,500. United States Postal Service In 1975, the United States Postal Service purchased 350 electric delivery jeeps from the American Motor Company to be used in a test program. These jeeps had a top speed of 50 mph and a range of 40 miles at a speed of 40 mph. Heating and defrosting were accomplished with a gas heater and the recharge time was ten hours.

Questions On The Value Of Value - 1468 Words

I started exchanging on the February 12, 2015 by purchasing shares in 3 different organizations. The names of the organizations and the quantity of shares purchased are as per the following: Pieces of fruit (AAPL) 10 shares @ $483.58 every offer Cisco Systems (CSCO) 50 shares @$23.01 every offer, and Micron Technologies (MU) 100shares @ $17.94 every offer. The reasons these shares were purchased was that they were the top gainers for the day. Taking after 2 weeks, the estimation of my endeavor rose to $100,101.78. The MU stocks started going down, i.e. there was a drop in the expense of offer from $17.94 to 17.04. So I sold the shares. After the class address on February 20, 2015 when we examined utilizing the stock screener, I chose†¦show more content†¦(FUEL) stocks for $62.44, and Pixel work (PXLW) for $4.87. The reasons I sold these shares were on the grounds that the costs were falling. How about we take that of AFOP for instance: purchased the shares @$20.86 for 250 shares for a sum of $5215 barring the commission. After 2 days, the value declined to $18.91, which if reproduced by 250 will square with $4727.5, issuing me a loss of $487.5 which is a 10.3% misfortune in only 2 days. The same applies to the next 2 organizations. In the wake of offering the 3 organizations stocks, I chose to purchase the shares of the 3 best gainers of the day. They incorporate the accompanying: Alliance Asset Management (AAMC) 10 shares@600.00 every offer; Direxion Daily Gold Miners Bull (NUGT) 80 shares@53.43 every offer; and Petrobas Arg Shs-B (PZE) 100 shares@6.0 every offer. Additionally, I sold AREX 120 shares @ 29.51 every offer in light of the fact that the cost was falling. On the 6th of March, I sold 2 more organizations imparts that I purchased utilizing the stock screener. These are Edgen Group Inc (EDG) 400 shares@$11.99 and Kandi Technologies Group (KNDI) 500 shares @$7.10 every offer. The reasons I sold them were the same as others- they were losing cash. Around the same time, I utilized an alternate arrangement

Motives for American Colonization Free Essays

The â€Å"discovery† of the New World by Christopher Columbus led to a new chapter in history that no one at the time could have anticipated. For many Europeans, it offered a better life than the one they were living, which led to the colonization of the Americas. Motives that fueled European colonization were that the New World offered religious freedom, a fresh start for those who were impoverished and in debt, and better opportunities to acquire large amounts of land and wealth. We will write a custom essay sample on Motives for American Colonization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Protestant Reformation in the 16th century led to conflict between Catholics and Protestants who sought to reform the Catholic Church. At the start of the 17th century, Puritan Separatists became subject of harassment, which made many flee to the New World where they could establish Separatist communities away from any persecution. Christian missionaries also went to the Americas in search of new converts. They saw the indigenous people of the New World as savage and uneducated, taking it into their own and making it their duty to bring them into the Christian faith. Another motive for European colonization of the Americas was for a fresh start in a new land. England in the 17th century had little job opportunity and low wages, leaving many young men looking for work. Those who opted to go to the New World were given a chance to clear their debts along with a chance at life in the colonies, in exchange for a set amount of labor as an indentured servant. These people were promised their freedom , small parts of land, tools to farm, and clothes once their time as indentured servants was up. To the thousands of jobless, bachelors in England, this was an offer to sweet to resist. Many other Europeans in search of economic opportunity made the long trip to the Americas, not to become indentured servants escaping their debts, but rather to make their fortunes in the fertile soils of the colonies. This was especially true in the Caribbean, and in the southern region of the English colonies, where sugar and tobacco could be grown in abundance. These were commodities that went into high demand in Europe, making plantation owners fabulously wealthy. Those who had the most money also held the most influence in politics around the colonies. With this in mind, along with the relatively low prices to acquire vast amounts of land, middle and upper-class Europeans alike found the New World to be very attractive. There were many different motives for Europeans to leave their lives behind and come to the America. One of these was the promise of religious freedom, being able to practice a faith and establish religious communities without fear of persecution, or to seek coverts to the Christian faith. Other motives were for economic opportunity, whether it was to start over in the New World without debt, or to establish oneself as a successful plantation owner. These and countless other reasons drove thousands of European men and women to the Americas. How to cite Motives for American Colonization, Papers

Louis Armstrong Essay Research Paper Tarenah HenriquesDec free essay sample

Louis Armstrong Essay, Research Paper Tarenah Henriques Dec. 10, 1998 Period 4 # 8220 ; Louis Armstrong # 8221 ; Born in August 1901 ( non Independence Day 1900, as he was ever told and believed ) , Louis Armstrong American ginseng on the New Orleans streets in a boyhood four and in 1913 was admitted to the Colored Waifs # 8217 ; place for firing a gun into the air. In the place he learned the cornet, and within four old ages was disputing every cornet male monarch in his place town, from Freddie Keppard to Joe Oliver, his first father-figure, whom he replaced in Kid Ory # 8217 ; s set in 1919. In 1922 Oliver ( by now King Oliver ) invited Louis to fall in him in Chicago to play 2nd cornet. Tempting as it is to repeat Nat Gonella # 8217 ; s incredulous remark, # 8220 ; I can # 8217 ; t conceive of Louis playing 2nd cornet to anyone # 8221 ; , Oliver was able to learn Armstrong a small. The regular harmonic experience of playing 2nd ( his ear, even so, was faultless ) and, above all, the importance of playing consecutive lead in # 8220 ; whole notes # 8221 ; , as Oliver did, were lessons that Armstrong was to retrieve for life. Experience was by now, nevertheless unnoticeably, toughening the immature adult male up. His 2nd married woman Lil Hardin helped to concentrate his run of aspiration and he was larning that people could be oblique # 8211 ; Oliver, it transpired, was creaming his sidemen # 8217 ; s rewards. Although he loved Oliver until the terminal, by 1924 Armstrong had made the leap to New York and Fletcher Henderson # 8217 ; s orchestra. It was hot metropolis company for a state male child, but he had the wit and endowment to counter jeer ( # 8221 ; I thought that meant # 8216 ; lb plentifulness # 8217 ; ! # 8221 ; , he quipped, when the austere Henderson ticked him off for a lost # 8220 ; pp # 8221 ; dynamic ) ; someplace along the manner he decided he was the best, and got ready to support his rubric if necessary. # 8220 ; Louis played the Regal Theater in Chicago, # 8221 ; remembers Danny Barker, # 8220 ; and they had this antic cornetist Reuben Reeves in the cavity. So in the overture they put Reuben Reeves on phase making some of Louis # 8217 ; s melodies. Louis listened # 8211 ; so when he came on he said, # 8220 ; Tiger Rag # 8221 ; . Played about 30 choruses! The following show? No overture! # 8221 ; In 1925 Armstrong, already a recording star, began OKEH day of the months with his Hot Five and Seven ( having Johnny Dodds, Kid Ory and his married woman Lil, until Earl Hines replaced her ) . The music on chef-doeuvres such as # 8220 ; Cornet Chop Suey # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; Potato Head Blues # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; Sol Blues # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; West End Blues # 8221 ; turned wind into a soloist # 8217 ; s art signifier and put new criterions for cornetists global. At the extremum of his immature signifier, Armstrong peeled off top Cs every bit easy as external respiration ( antecedently they were rare ) and pulled out proficient Tourss de force which neer degenerated into notes for their ain interest. His vocalizing introduced individualism to popular vocals and, merely for good step, he besides invented scat vocalizing, when he dropped the music one twenty-four hours at a recording session. Best of all was his melodious inspiration: his creative activities were still being analyzed, harmonized and celebrated half a century subsequently. Rather than playing of all time higher and harder, Armstrong simplified his music, smoothing each phrase to flawlessness, while maintaining his strength for the smasher clout. By 1930 he was a New York star, with impersonators all around him, but his concern life was at a impermanent deadlock. Then he found his Godfather-figure, a powerful, frequently pitiless Mafia operator called Joe Glaser, who was to maneuver his client # 8217 ; s lucks for 35 old ages. In 1935, with Glaser # 8217 ; s blessing, Louis teamed with Luis Russell # 8217 ; s orchestra, an collection of old New Orleans friends, and for five old ages he was to tour and record with them: the records are classics, and helped to acquire Armstrong into movies such as Pennies from Heaven ( 1936 ) and Artists and Models ( 1937 ) . In 1940, Glaser # 8217 ; s office bluffly sacked the set and Louis put together another containing younger # 8220 ; modernists # 8221 ; such as John Brown ( alto ) , Dexter Gordon ( tenor ) and Arvell Shaw ( bass ) , a long Louis associate, with Velma Middleton sharing the vocalizing. It lasted until summer 1947, but large sets were on a downward slide and Armstrong found taking a concern. In 1947 booster Ernie Anderson presented him with a little set ( directed by Bobby Hackett ) at New York # 8217 ; s Town Hall. The acclamation that greeted the move signaled the terminal of his big-band calling, and for the last 24 old ages of his life, Louis led his All Stars, a six-piece set which featured, to get down with, a judicious mixture of existent stars ( # 8221 ; excessively many make bad friends # 8221 ; , said Armstrong contritely subsequently ) , including Jack Teagarden and Earl Hines. It developed into a more governable and supportive squad featuring, at assorted times, Barney Bigard and Ed Hall ( clarinet ) and, a strong right arm, Trummy Young ( trombone ) . With his All Stars, Armstrong presented a tightly arranged show which, right down to repertoire and solos, rarely varied in ulterior old ages, a policy which was sometimes criticized. But great records made with the All Stars, such as Plays W. C. Handy, Plays Fats and At the Crescendo, became wind anthems, and solos such as Louis and the Good Book and its superior follow-up Louis and the Angels revealed Armstrong at a fantastic late extremum. At his ain wish the All Stars maintained a disabling touring agenda and in 1959 he had his first bosom onslaught. For his last 10 old ages, amid hit-parade successes, unabated touring and repeating unwellness, Armstrong bit by bit slowed down: by 1969, when he visited Britain for the last clip, it was noticeable that though his playing was rationed ( though still distressingly beautiful ) and that he was looking older. He died in bed ( smiling ) on 6 July 1971 ; his records have all remained in catalogue of all time since and in l994 a late Armstrong individual, # 8220 ; We Have All The Time In The World # 8221 ; rose high in the dad charts. It # 8217 ; s impossible to discourse # 8220 ; Satchmo # 8221 ; without retrieving the adult male: # 8220 ; He was a really joyous host, # 8221 ; says Ruby Braff, # 8220 ; even in his dressing room with 50 people standing round. # 8221 ; It is clip to kill off the fable that Armstrong # 8217 ; s big-heartedness was a airs: says Barney Bigard, # 8220 ; There neer was any concealed side to him. He came # 8216 ; as is # 8217 ; . # 8221 ; Another fable deserves destruction: that Louis was merely the lucky one of infinite endowments in and around New Orleans ( Jabbo Smith and Punch Miller are two cited rivals ) : the records prove otherwise. More late it # 8217 ; s been suggested that recurrent lip problem ( which Armstrong surely suffered ) caused a musical diminution from the 1930s on: once more, his public presentations demonstrate a go oning accomplishment. # 8220 ; He left an deathless testimony to the human status in the America of his clip # 8221 ; : Wynton Marsalis # 8217 ; s manner of stating, in 1985, that Louis was merely the greatest wind cornetist of all time and, with Charlie Parker and Duke Ellington, the most influential jazz musician of the authoritative epoch. Bibliography Bergreen, Laurence. Louis Armstrong: An Excessive Life. New York: Broadway Books, 1998. Louis Armstrong *censored*http: //www.capecodonline.com/primetime/armstrong.htm*censored* Satchmo *censored*http: //www.satchmo.com*censored* Woog, Adam. Louis Armstrong. Detroit: Aglow Books, 1995